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sci.Carnot-efficiency Calculator
Calculates Carnot cycle efficiency η = 1 − T_cold/T_hot and minimum heat rejection Q_reject for a given work output. No heat engine can exceed Carnot efficiency — a steam turbine operating between 600 °C (873 K) and 40 °C (313 K) has a Carnot limit of 64%; real turbines achieve 40–47%.
Inputs
T Hot C
Thermal state of the substance. Check whether the formula needs Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin (K = °C + 273.15).
T Cold C
Thermal state of the substance. Check whether the formula needs Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin (K = °C + 273.15).
W Output Kw
Rate of energy transfer (W). P = V×I (electrical). P = F×v (mechanical). 1 horsepower ≈ 746 W.
Results
Carnot efficiency η_C
Useful output divided by total input, as a percentage. True 100% efficiency is impossible — losses appear as heat. LEDs: 30–50%. Electric motors: 85–97%. Switching supplies: 85–95%.
heat input required Q_in (kW)
The value at the specified point or condition.
heat rejected Q_out (kW)
The value at the specified point or condition.
2nd law efficiency (actual/Carnot)
Useful output divided by total input, as a percentage. True 100% efficiency is impossible — losses appear as heat. LEDs: 30–50%. Electric motors: 85–97%. Switching supplies: 85–95%.
η_C = 1 - T_C/T_H
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.