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sci.Hubble-lookback-time Calculator
Calculates the lookback time to a galaxy at redshift z and the Hubble time T_H = 1/H₀ as an estimate of the age of the universe. At H₀ = 70 km/s/Mpc, T_H = 14.0 Gyr — the actual age (13.8 Gyr) requires integrating over the full Friedmann equation including matter and dark energy.
Inputs
Z Redshift
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.
H0 Km S Mpc
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.
Omega M
Mass per unit volume (kg/m³). Water: 1,000. Air: 1.225. Steel: 7,850. Affects buoyancy, flow, and structural loads.
Omega Lambda
Capacity to do work (J or kWh). Conserved — converts between forms but total stays constant in a closed system.
Results
lookback time (Gyr)
The computed duration or time value.
Hubble time 1/H₀ (Gyr)
The computed duration or time value.
redshift z
Doppler shift of light toward longer wavelengths due to recessional velocity. z = 1 means the universe has doubled in size since the light was emitted.
t_lb = ∫₀^z dz
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.