// multi-utility computation suite · offline · instant · precise
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sci.load-flow-per-unit-system Calculator
Calculates per-unit values by normalising voltage, current, impedance, and power to base quantities in a power system: Z_pu = Z_actual/Z_base. Per-unit system simplifies transformer analysis — an ideal transformer has per-unit equivalent that eliminates turns ratio from circuit equations.
Inputs
S Base Mva
Rate of energy transfer (W). P = V×I (electrical). P = F×v (mechanical). 1 horsepower ≈ 746 W.
V Base Kv
Electric potential difference (V). Drives current through a circuit. Household: 120 V (US) or 230 V (EU/UK).
Z Ohm
Total opposition to AC current — combines resistance and reactance from capacitors/inductors.
I Actual A
Rate of charge flow (A). I = V/R. Above ~100 mA through the body can be lethal. Fuses protect against overcurrent.
Results
impedance Z (per unit)
Total opposition to AC current (Ω), combining resistance and reactance. Z = √(R² + X²). Maximum power transfer occurs when source and load impedances match.
current I (per unit)
Electric charge flow rate (A). Governs wire sizing — too much current causes dangerous heating. Fuses protect circuits from overcurrent.
base impedance Zbase (Ω)
Total opposition to AC current (Ω), combining resistance and reactance. Z = √(R² + X²). Maximum power transfer occurs when source and load impedances match.
base current Ibase (A)
Electric charge flow rate (A). Governs wire sizing — too much current causes dangerous heating. Fuses protect circuits from overcurrent.
Z_pu = Z_Ω / Z_base | Z_base = V²_base / S_base
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.
apparent power at this current (MVA)
Electric charge flow rate (A). Governs wire sizing — too much current causes dangerous heating. Fuses protect circuits from overcurrent.