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sci.population-genetics-drift Calculator
Calculates change in allele frequency due to genetic drift over generations and estimates fixation probability p₀ in a population of size Ne. Time to fixation for a neutral allele: ≈ 4Ne generations — in the human ancestor bottleneck (Ne ≈ 10,000), 40,000 generations × 25 years = 1 million years.
Inputs
N Effective
Total number in the group you are studying. Matters for finite-population corrections when the sample covers a large fraction of the total.
P0 Freq
Cycles per second (Hz). Audible sound: 20 Hz – 20 kHz. Make sure units match what the formula expects.
T Generations
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.
Results
expected allele frequency
Sample size or count used in the calculation.
variance in allele freq Var(p)
Standard deviation squared — average squared deviation from the mean. Essential for ANOVA, regression, and many statistical tests, though the squared units make it less intuitive directly.
standard deviation of p after t generations
Average spread of values around the mean. In a normal distribution: 68% within ±1 SD, 95% within ±2 SD, 99.7% within ±3 SD. Large SD = widely spread data; small SD = tightly clustered.
fixation probability (neutral)
The value at the specified point or condition.
mean time to fixation (generations)
The proportional relationship between two quantities.