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sci.transformer-efficiency-copper-iron Calculator
Calculates transformer efficiency η = P_out/(P_out + P_core + P_copper) and maximum efficiency at load m* = √(P_core/P_cu_rated). Maximum efficiency occurs when copper losses equal iron losses — well-designed power transformers achieve 98–99.7% efficiency at rated load.
Inputs
P Out Kva
Rate of energy transfer (W). P = V×I (electrical). P = F×v (mechanical). 1 horsepower ≈ 746 W.
Pf Load
A multiplier applied in the calculation.
P Core W
Applied force or weight (N or kN). Divide into dead load (permanent) and live load (variable — people, wind, etc.).
P Cu Full W
Applied force or weight (N or kN). Divide into dead load (permanent) and live load (variable — people, wind, etc.).
Load Factor Pct
A multiplier applied in the calculation.
Results
efficiency η (%)
Useful output divided by total input, as a percentage. True 100% efficiency is impossible — losses appear as heat. LEDs: 30–50%. Electric motors: 85–97%. Switching supplies: 85–95%.
total losses (W)
The combined total across all inputs and components.
copper losses at x (W)
The decrease or degradation from the baseline.
max efficiency at load factor x*
Useful output divided by total input, as a percentage. True 100% efficiency is impossible — losses appear as heat. LEDs: 30–50%. Electric motors: 85–97%. Switching supplies: 85–95%.
P_out = xS·pf; Pcu = x²·Pcu_fl; η = Pout/(Pout+Pfe+Pcu)
Reference formula or conversion factor shown for context.